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1The wicked flee when no one pursues;

but the righteous are as bold as a lion.

2In rebellion, a land has many rulers,

but order is maintained by a man of understanding and knowledge.

3A needy man who oppresses the poor

is like a driving rain which leaves no crops.

4Those who forsake the law praise the wicked;

but those who keep the law contend with them.

5Evil men don’t understand justice;

but those who seek Yahweh understand it fully.

6Better is the poor who walks in his integrity

than he who is perverse in his ways, and he is rich.

7Whoever keeps the law is a wise son;

but he who is a companion of gluttons shames his father.

8He who increases his wealth by excessive interest

gathers it for one who has pity on the poor.

9He who turns away his ear from hearing the law,

even his prayer is an abomination.

10Whoever causes the upright to go astray in an evil way,

he will fall into his own trap;

but the blameless will inherit good.

11The rich man is wise in his own eyes;

but the poor who has understanding sees through him.

12When the righteous triumph, there is great glory;

but when the wicked rise, men hide themselves.

13He who conceals his sins doesn’t prosper,

but whoever confesses and renounces them finds mercy.

14Blessed is the man who always fears;

but one who hardens his heart falls into trouble.

15As a roaring lion or a charging bear,

so is a wicked ruler over helpless people.

16A tyrannical ruler lacks judgment.

One who hates ill-gotten gain will have long days.

17A man who is tormented by blood guilt will be a fugitive until death.

No one will support him.

18Whoever walks blamelessly is kept safe;

but one with perverse ways will fall suddenly.

19One who works his land will have an abundance of food;

but one who chases fantasies will have his fill of poverty.

20A faithful man is rich with blessings;

but one who is eager to be rich will not go unpunished.

21To show partiality is not good,

yet a man will do wrong for a piece of bread.

22A stingy man hurries after riches,

and doesn’t know that poverty waits for him.

23One who rebukes a man will afterward find more favor

than one who flatters with the tongue.

24Whoever robs his father or his mother and says, “It’s not wrong,”

is a partner with a destroyer.

25One who is greedy stirs up strife;

but one who trusts in Yahweh will prosper.

26One who trusts in himself is a fool;

but one who walks in wisdom is kept safe.

27One who gives to the poor has no lack;

but one who closes his eyes will have many curses.

28When the wicked rise, men hide themselves;

but when they perish, the righteous thrive.

"Repay no one evil for evil"

"Repay no one evil for evil"

Topical Study | Exod 23:4 | Hershel Wayne House

The command not to retaliate against one's neighbor is found in several passages in the Bible, and also in non-biblical texts in the Ancient Near East from the 8th century B.C. on. We tend to view  Jesus' words in Matthew 5:38-45, in which he teaches this important principle (cf note at Matt 5:38 where Jesus sets aside the idea of retaliation for personal revenge) as the originator of this moral truth. Additionally, Old Testament texts teach the same principle that Jesus gave in his Sermon on the Mount (Exod 23:4, 5; Prov 24:17, 18 and Leviticus 19:18; Job alludes to this idea, as well, in Job 31:29-30). A similar admonition is found in a Babylonian text of the late eighth century B.C.

"Unto your opponent do no evil;

Your evildoer recompense with good;

Unto your enemy let justice [be done]." (lines 35-37) 1

Pritchard provides some other examples similar to the Sermon on the Mount:

"Lines 35-40, about rendering good for evil, are on the level of the Sermon on the Mount (Matt 5:38-45). The closest parallels in the Old Testament are Exod 23:4-5; Prov 24:17-18; 25:21-22; Job 31:29-30; cf. Lev 19:18; Prov 24:29; Ecclus. 28:2; Tobit 4:15." He also adds an example from R.H. Charles, "In Ahiqar, Syriac A version, we read (2:20), "My son, if your enemy meet you with evil, meet him with wisdom" (R. H. Charles, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, 11, 730). 2


  1. James Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Under Counsels of Wisdom, p. 426, lines 35-37. ↩︎

  2. Ibid. ↩︎