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1These also are proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah copied out.

2It is the glory of God to conceal a thing,

but the glory of kings is to search out a matter.

3As the heavens for height, and the earth for depth,

so the hearts of kings are unsearchable.

4Take away the dross from the silver,

and material comes out for the refiner.

5Take away the wicked from the king’s presence,

and his throne will be established in righteousness.

6Don’t exalt yourself in the presence of the king,

or claim a place among great men;

7for it is better that it be said to you, “Come up here,”

than that you should be put lower in the presence of the prince,

whom your eyes have seen.

8Don’t be hasty in bringing charges to court.

What will you do in the end when your neighbor shames you?

9Debate your case with your neighbor,

and don’t betray the confidence of another,

10lest one who hears it put you to shame,

and your bad reputation never depart.

11A word fitly spoken

is like apples of gold in settings of silver.

12As an earring of gold, and an ornament of fine gold,

so is a wise reprover to an obedient ear.

13As the cold of snow in the time of harvest,

so is a faithful messenger to those who send him;

for he refreshes the soul of his masters.

14As clouds and wind without rain,

so is he who boasts of gifts deceptively.

15By patience a ruler is persuaded.

A soft tongue breaks the bone.

16Have you found honey?

Eat as much as is sufficient for you,

lest you eat too much, and vomit it.

17Let your foot be seldom in your neighbor’s house,

lest he be weary of you, and hate you.

18A man who gives false testimony against his neighbor

is like a club, a sword, or a sharp arrow.

19Confidence in someone unfaithful in time of trouble

is like a bad tooth or a lame foot.

20As one who takes away a garment in cold weather,

or vinegar on soda,

so is one who sings songs to a heavy heart.

21If your enemy is hungry, give him food to eat.

If he is thirsty, give him water to drink;

22for you will heap coals of fire on his head,

and Yahweh will reward you.

23The north wind produces rain;

so a backbiting tongue brings an angry face.

24It is better to dwell in the corner of the housetop

than to share a house with a contentious woman.

25Like cold water to a thirsty soul,

so is good news from a far country.

26Like a muddied spring and a polluted well,

so is a righteous man who gives way before the wicked.

27It is not good to eat much honey,

nor is it honorable to seek one’s own honor.

28Like a city that is broken down and without walls

is a man whose spirit is without restraint.

"Repay no one evil for evil"

"Repay no one evil for evil"

Topical Study | Exod 23:4 | Hershel Wayne House

The command not to retaliate against one's neighbor is found in several passages in the Bible, and also in non-biblical texts in the Ancient Near East from the 8th century B.C. on. We tend to view  Jesus' words in Matthew 5:38-45, in which he teaches this important principle (cf note at Matt 5:38 where Jesus sets aside the idea of retaliation for personal revenge) as the originator of this moral truth. Additionally, Old Testament texts teach the same principle that Jesus gave in his Sermon on the Mount (Exod 23:4, 5; Prov 24:17, 18 and Leviticus 19:18; Job alludes to this idea, as well, in Job 31:29-30). A similar admonition is found in a Babylonian text of the late eighth century B.C.

"Unto your opponent do no evil;

Your evildoer recompense with good;

Unto your enemy let justice [be done]." (lines 35-37) 1

Pritchard provides some other examples similar to the Sermon on the Mount:

"Lines 35-40, about rendering good for evil, are on the level of the Sermon on the Mount (Matt 5:38-45). The closest parallels in the Old Testament are Exod 23:4-5; Prov 24:17-18; 25:21-22; Job 31:29-30; cf. Lev 19:18; Prov 24:29; Ecclus. 28:2; Tobit 4:15." He also adds an example from R.H. Charles, "In Ahiqar, Syriac A version, we read (2:20), "My son, if your enemy meet you with evil, meet him with wisdom" (R. H. Charles, Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, 11, 730). 2


  1. James Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Under Counsels of Wisdom, p. 426, lines 35-37. ↩︎

  2. Ibid. ↩︎