1Yahweh’s word came again to me, saying, 2“Son of man, there were two women, the daughters of one mother. 3They played the prostitute in Egypt. They played the prostitute in their youth. Their breasts were fondled there, and their youthful nipples were caressed there. 4Their names were Oholah the elder, and Oholibah her sister. They became mine, and they bore sons and daughters. As for their names, Samaria is Oholah, and Jerusalem Oholibah.
5“Oholah played the prostitute when she was mine. She doted on her lovers, on the Assyrians her neighbors, 6who were clothed with blue—governors and rulers, all of them desirable young men, horsemen riding on horses. 7She gave herself as a prostitute to them, all of them the choicest men of Assyria. She defiled herself with the idols of whoever she lusted after. 8She hasn’t left her prostitution since leaving Egypt; for in her youth they lay with her. They caressed her youthful nipples and they poured out their prostitution on her.
9“Therefore I delivered her into the hand of her lovers, into the hand of the Assyrians on whom she doted. 10These uncovered her nakedness. They took her sons and her daughters, and they killed her with the sword. She became a byword among women; for they executed judgments on her.
11“Her sister Oholibah saw this, yet she was more corrupt in her lusting than she, and in her prostitution which was more depraved than the prostitution of her sister. 12She lusted after the Assyrians, governors and rulers—her neighbors, clothed most gorgeously, horsemen riding on horses, all of them desirable young men. 13I saw that she was defiled. They both went the same way.
14“She increased her prostitution; for she saw men portrayed on the wall, the images of the Chaldeans portrayed with red, 15dressed with belts on their waists, with flowing turbans on their heads, all of them looking like princes, after the likeness of the Babylonians in Chaldea, the land of their birth. 16As soon as she saw them, she lusted after them and sent messengers to them into Chaldea. 17The Babylonians came to her into the bed of love, and they defiled her with their prostitution. She was polluted with them, and her soul was alienated from them. 18So she uncovered her prostitution and uncovered her nakedness. Then my soul was alienated from her, just like my soul was alienated from her sister. 19Yet she multiplied her prostitution, remembering the days of her youth, in which she had played the prostitute in the land of Egypt. 20She lusted after their lovers, whose flesh is as the flesh of donkeys, and whose issue is like the issue of horses. 21Thus you called to memory the lewdness of your youth, in the caressing of your nipples by the Egyptians because of your youthful breasts.
22“Therefore, Oholibah, the Lord Yahweh says: ‘Behold, I will raise up your lovers against you, from whom your soul is alienated, and I will bring them against you on every side: 23the Babylonians and all the Chaldeans, Pekod, Shoa, Koa, and all the Assyrians with them; all of them desirable young men, governors and rulers, princes and men of renown, all of them riding on horses. 24They will come against you with weapons, chariots, and wagons, and with a company of peoples. They will set themselves against you with buckler, shield, and helmet all around. I will commit the judgment to them, and they will judge you according to their judgments. 25I will set my jealousy against you, and they will deal with you in fury. They will take away your nose and your ears. Your remnant will fall by the sword. They will take your sons and your daughters; and the rest of you will be devoured by the fire. 26They will also strip you of your clothes and take away your beautiful jewels. 27Thus I will make your lewdness to cease from you, and remove your prostitution from the land of Egypt, so that you will not lift up your eyes to them, nor remember Egypt any more.’
28“For the Lord Yahweh says: ‘Behold, I will deliver you into the hand of them whom you hate, into the hand of them from whom your soul is alienated. 29They will deal with you in hatred, and will take away all your labor, and will leave you naked and bare. The nakedness of your prostitution will be uncovered, both your lewdness and your prostitution. 30These things will be done to you because you have played the prostitute after the nations, and because you are polluted with their idols. 31You have walked in the way of your sister; therefore I will give her cup into your hand.’
32“The Lord Yahweh says:
‘You will drink of your sister’s cup,
which is deep and large.
You will be ridiculed and held in derision.
It contains much.
33You will be filled with drunkenness and sorrow,
with the cup of astonishment and desolation,
with the cup of your sister Samaria.
34You will even drink it and drain it out.
You will gnaw the broken pieces of it,
and will tear your breasts;
for I have spoken it,’ says the Lord Yahweh.
35“Therefore the Lord Yahweh says: ‘Because you have forgotten me and cast me behind your back, therefore you also bear your lewdness and your prostitution.’”
36Yahweh said moreover to me: “Son of man, will you judge Oholah and Oholibah? Then declare to them their abominations. 37For they have committed adultery, and blood is in their hands. They have committed adultery with their idols. They have also caused their sons, whom they bore to me, to pass through the fire to them to be devoured. 38Moreover this they have done to me: they have defiled my sanctuary in the same day, and have profaned my Sabbaths. 39For when they had slain their children to their idols, then they came the same day into my sanctuary to profane it; and behold, they have done this in the middle of my house.
40“Furthermore you sisters have sent for men who come from far away, to whom a messenger was sent, and behold, they came; for whom you washed yourself, painted your eyes, decorated yourself with ornaments, 41and sat on a stately bed, with a table prepared before it, whereupon you set my incense and my oil.
42“The voice of a multitude being at ease was with her. With men of the common sort were brought drunkards from the wilderness; and they put bracelets on their hands, and beautiful crowns on their heads. 43Then I said of her who was old in adulteries, ‘Now they will play the prostitute with her, and she with them.’ 44They went in to her, as they go in to a prostitute. So they went in to Oholah and to Oholibah, the lewd women. 45Righteous men will judge them with the judgment of adulteresses and with the judgment of women who shed blood, because they are adulteresses, and blood is in their hands.
46“For the Lord Yahweh says: ‘I will bring up a mob against them, and will give them to be tossed back and forth and robbed. 47The company will stone them with stones and dispatch them with their swords. They will kill their sons and their daughters, and burn up their houses with fire.
48“‘Thus I will cause lewdness to cease out of the land, that all women may be taught not to be lewd like you. 49They will recompense your lewdness on you, and you will bear the sins of your idols. Then you will know that I am the Lord Yahweh.’”
Judges 11 focuses on a "mighty man of valor" by the name of Jephthah, who was a Gileadite (v. 1). Since he was born of a prostitute he was disowned by his father's sons, his life looked dim. Yet the story tells us of his rise back to power and gratitude of the people of Israel to become their ruler. He is remembered, however, not for the difficulties in early life he had, or for his valor in war, leading Israel against their enemy, but for the story about a rash vow that he made to Yahweh, the God of Israel, of what he would perform for Yahweh should he win the battle. Did he truly kill his daughter as a sacrifice to Yahweh? There appear to be three different ways that we may understand this vow in Judges 11:30, 34-40.
1. Jephthah, in an immoral climate violated the law of God and killed his daughter since he has made a rash vow, and the daughter's remorse is over her death to come.
2. Jephthah, in an immoral climate did not violate the law of God, and even though he made this vow to God he chose not to perform the vow but committed her to life in the service of God.
3. Jephthah did not violate the law of God, but instead made a vow that should be understood as "or" so that he would either sacrifice whatever came out or what came out would be dedicated to the service of Yahweh. The girl spent two months in mourning because she would always be a virgin.
Let's look at each of these options.
1. For a vigorous defense of the view that Jephthah offered his daughter as a burnt offering in fulfillment of his vow may be found at George Foot Moore, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges, International Critical Commentary (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1910), 304–305. He says, "The older Jewish and Christian interpreters, without exception, understood the words in their plain and natural sense; Jephthah fulfilled his vow by offering his daughter as a burnt-offering. George Foot Moore, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges, International Critical Commentary (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1910), 304." Appearing to agree with Moore's conclusion, David Firth, says, quoting Baker, that modern persons might have difficulty with this any more than other moral issues present at the time in Israel. He says, "A moment’s reflection on the Jephthah story in Judges (Judg 10:6–12:7) quickly illustrates this point. The issue that troubles most modern readers is probably the sacrifice of his daughter (Judg 11:29-40), something that is reported but without any commentary at all.[26] But, as Baker argues,[27] the author of Judges does not moralize on a wide range of abuses prevalent among other peoples around Israel either, but expects that the way the story is told will speak for itself through the context provided and its aftermath. The narrator expects readers to discern why this behaviour is inappropriate without the need to make this explicit. [David G Firth (2020). (p. 8)." "New Studies in Biblical Theology: Including the Stranger: Foreigners in the Former Prophets." Retrieved from https://app.wordsearchbible.lifeway.com]
2. Some have interpreted Jephthah’s vow that whatever comes out of the doors as a clear intention to offer a human sacrifice (11:31). His surprise then is not that he had to sacrifice a human being, but that the unfortunate person was his daughter (11:34). The phrase "to meet me" seems to refer more appropriately to a human than to an animal, and it is difficult to see why Jephthah would mourn over fulfilling a vow to sacrifice an animal. However, In view of the rashness of the vow and the abhorrence of human sacrifice forbidden in Israel by Yahweh (Lev 18:21; 20:2; Deut 12:31; 18:10; Jer 19:5; Ezek 20:30, 31; 23:37, 39), it might have caused Jephthah to refrain from the sacrifice of his daughter, in spite of his vow to Yahweh. It is interesting that the text does not say that he actually killed his daughter, but only that he fulfilled his vow, somewhat unclear, followed by the words that "she was a virgin."
3. The third possible interpretation I find the most satisfying due to the ambiguity of the vow, the matter of the two months to mourn regarding the daughter's virginity, and not her death, and because the Hebrew grammar provides for an alternative. The first question, to me, is why would a ruler of the stature of Jephthah, who was declared a mighty man of valor and who asked for the help of Yahweh, offend God in a vow that would be contrary to unambiguous laws of Yahweh. The vow itself seems unclear if either a human or animal greets him first after a victory from Yahweh. Certainly, he indicates that he spoke too soon in expressing the vow, but would the idea of sacrifice be understood as a part of the vow?
Second, the response to the encounter with his daughter seems most unusual if her death by sacrifice is in view. Upon her greeting him he responds that she has brought him low and troubled him. This seems more for the loss of an heir than the loss of a daughter.
Third, he permits her request to spend two months mourning with her friends because of her virginity rather than being put to death. His response on her returning to her father for the fulfillment of the vow. The only statement is "she was a virgin." This seems to indicate a dedication to Yahweh in service, somewhat like Samuel, rather than being sacrificed on a pyre of wood.
Last of all, the Hebrew provides for the conjunction vav to be translated as "or" rather than "and," though the latter is more normal. But this is not a normal situation and the alternative of dedication to Yahweh in service, with husband or child, rather than dedication to Yahweh in death. The sense of the Hebrew, I believe, seems to be the following: “If you will indeed deliver the children of Ammon into my hand, then it shall be, that whatever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, it shall be Yahweh’s, OR I will offer it up for a burnt offering.”1
I am pleased not only to be able to rely on Hebrew grammar for my conclusion, but the arguments of a Jewish Rabbi: Prof. Rabbi Jonathan Magonet, "Did Jephthah Actually Kill His Daughter?" ↩︎