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1Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, 2“Avenge the children of Israel on the Midianites. Afterward you shall be gathered to your people.”

3Moses spoke to the people, saying, “Arm men from among you for war, that they may go against Midian, to execute Yahweh’s vengeance on Midian. 4You shall send one thousand out of every tribe, throughout all the tribes of Israel, to the war.” 5So there were delivered, out of the thousands of Israel, a thousand from every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war. 6Moses sent them, one thousand of every tribe, to the war with Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the vessels of the sanctuary and the trumpets for the alarm in his hand. 7They fought against Midian, as Yahweh commanded Moses. They killed every male. 8They killed the kings of Midian with the rest of their slain: Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, the five kings of Midian. They also killed Balaam the son of Beor with the sword. 9The children of Israel took the women of Midian captive with their little ones; and all their livestock, all their flocks, and all their goods, they took as plunder. 10All their cities in the places in which they lived, and all their encampments, they burned with fire. 11They took all the captives, and all the plunder, both of man and of animal. 12They brought the captives with the prey and the plunder, to Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and to the congregation of the children of Israel, to the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by the Jordan at Jericho. 13Moses and Eleazar the priest, with all the princes of the congregation, went out to meet them outside of the camp. 14Moses was angry with the officers of the army, the captains of thousands and the captains of hundreds, who came from the service of the war. 15Moses said to them, “Have you saved all the women alive? 16Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against Yahweh in the matter of Peor, and so the plague was among the congregation of Yahweh. 17Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman who has known man by lying with him. 18But all the girls, who have not known man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.

19“Encamp outside of the camp for seven days. Whoever has killed any person, and whoever has touched any slain, purify yourselves on the third day and on the seventh day, you and your captives. 20You shall purify every garment, and all that is made of skin, and all work of goats’ hair, and all things made of wood.”

21Eleazar the priest said to the men of war who went to the battle, “This is the statute of the law which Yahweh has commanded Moses. 22However the gold, and the silver, the bronze, the iron, the tin, and the lead, 23everything that may withstand the fire, you shall make to go through the fire, and it shall be clean; nevertheless it shall be purified with the water for impurity. All that doesn’t withstand the fire you shall make to go through the water. 24You shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and you shall be clean. Afterward you shall come into the camp.”

25Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying, 26“Count the plunder that was taken, both of man and of animal, you, and Eleazar the priest, and the heads of the fathers’ households of the congregation; 27and divide the plunder into two parts: between the men skilled in war, who went out to battle, and all the congregation. 28Levy a tribute to Yahweh of the men of war who went out to battle: one soul of five hundred; of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the flocks. 29Take it from their half, and give it to Eleazar the priest, for Yahweh’s wave offering. 30Of the children of Israel’s half, you shall take one drawn out of every fifty, of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the flocks, of all the livestock, and give them to the Levites, who perform the duty of Yahweh’s tabernacle.”

31Moses and Eleazar the priest did as Yahweh commanded Moses.

32Now the plunder, over and above the booty which the men of war took, was six hundred seventy-five thousand sheep, 33seventy-two thousand head of cattle, 34sixty-one thousand donkeys, 35and thirty-two thousand persons in all, of the women who had not known man by lying with him. 36The half, which was the portion of those who went out to war, was in number three hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep; 37and Yahweh’s tribute of the sheep was six hundred seventy-five. 38The cattle were thirty-six thousand, of which Yahweh’s tribute was seventy-two. 39The donkeys were thirty thousand five hundred, of which Yahweh’s tribute was sixty-one. 40The persons were sixteen thousand, of whom Yahweh’s tribute was thirty-two persons. 41Moses gave the tribute, which was Yahweh’s wave offering, to Eleazar the priest, as Yahweh commanded Moses. 42Of the children of Israel’s half, which Moses divided off from the men who fought 43(now the congregation’s half was three hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep, 44thirty-six thousand head of cattle, 45thirty thousand five hundred donkeys, 46and sixteen thousand persons), 47even of the children of Israel’s half, Moses took one drawn out of every fifty, both of man and of animal, and gave them to the Levites, who performed the duty of Yahweh’s tabernacle, as Yahweh commanded Moses.

48The officers who were over the thousands of the army, the captains of thousands, and the captains of hundreds, came near to Moses. 49They said to Moses, “Your servants have taken the sum of the men of war who are under our command, and there lacks not one man of us. 50We have brought Yahweh’s offering, what every man found: gold ornaments, armlets, bracelets, signet rings, earrings, and necklaces, to make atonement for our souls before Yahweh.”

51Moses and Eleazar the priest took their gold, even all worked jewels. 52All the gold of the wave offering that they offered up to Yahweh, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds, was sixteen thousand seven hundred fifty shekels. 53The men of war had taken booty, every man for himself. 54Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the Tent of Meeting for a memorial for the children of Israel before Yahweh.

Large Numbers in the Old Testament

Large Numbers in the Old Testament

Topical Study | Num 31:36 | Hershel Wayne House
ExplanationDescriptionSupporting ArgumentsChallenges
Literal InterpretationAccepting the numbers as accurate and literalFaith in biblical inerrancy and divine inspirationLogistical issues, lack of archaeological evidence
Symbolic or HyperbolicNumbers used to convey greatness or importanceCommon in ancient Near Eastern texts to use hyperboleDistinguishing between literal and symbolic usage
Translation and Transmission ErrorsCopyist errors or deliberate changes inflated the numbersHistorical instances of text variations and errorsDifficulty in identifying original figures
Ancient Numerical SystemDifferent understanding or recording of numbers in ancient timesVariations in ancient numerical systemsInterpreting ancient numerical methods accurately
Logistical and ArchaeologicalLarge numbers are implausible based on evidenceLack of archaeological evidence for large populationReconciling this with the biblical narrative
Theological IntentEmphasizing God's power and fulfillment of promisesConsistency with theological themes in the BibleBalancing theological symbolism with historical accuracy

None of these views necessarily requires rejecting the authority of Scripture. Instead, they reflect careful attention to linguistic nuance, genre conventions, and ancient cultural context. The exact meaning of the figures in Numbers 31:36 and other texts remains debated, but scholars agree that literal modern interpretations may misrepresent ancient intentions. Read suggestions by a couple of noted scholars on this problem:

1. The Hebrew Word "’eleph" (אֶלֶף) May Not Always Mean “Thousand”

One well-supported proposal is that the Hebrew term ’eleph (traditionally translated “thousand”) may sometimes refer to a clan, family unit, or military contingent—not a literal thousand.

  • For example, in Numbers 1, each tribe is listed with “thousands,” but some suggest this should be interpreted as "family groups" or "chiefly divisions".
  • Scholar Colin J. Humphreys argues that ’eleph likely referred to "troops" or "military units", meaning the actual number of individuals would be much lower.

“It is proposed that 'eleph in these contexts refers not to a literal thousand but to a contingent, family, or unit of some kind. This drastically reduces the total numbers to plausible levels.”

— Colin J. Humphreys, The Miracles of Exodus: A Scientist’s Discovery of the Extraordinary Natural Causes of the Biblical Stories (New York: HarperOne, 2003), 150–155.

2. Symbolic or Hyperbolic Use in Ancient War Reports

Another explanation sees the numbers as rhetorical or symbolic, following the conventions of ancient Near Eastern war reports, which often used exaggerated figures to magnify a king's or god’s power.

  • This fits the pattern seen in Egyptian, Assyrian, and Moabite inscriptions, where kings claimed exaggerated victories and casualties.

“Ancient Near Eastern military texts routinely employ hyperbolic numbers. The biblical record may do the same—not to deceive, but to glorify divine action.”

— K. A. Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003), 264–265.

See also Got Questions, https://www.gotquestions.org/numbers-Bible-accurate.html for additional arguments on this.