1When the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices, that they might come and anoint him. 2Very early on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the sun had risen. 3They were saying among themselves, “Who will roll away the stone from the door of the tomb for us?” 4for it was very big. Looking up, they saw that the stone was rolled back.
5Entering into the tomb, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, dressed in a white robe; and they were amazed. 6He said to them, “Don’t be amazed. You seek Jesus, the Nazarene, who has been crucified. He has risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid him! 7But go, tell his disciples and Peter, ‘He goes before you into Galilee. There you will see him, as he said to you.’”
8They went out, and fled from the tomb, for trembling and astonishment had come on them. They said nothing to anyone; for they were afraid.
9Now when he had risen early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, from whom he had cast out seven demons. 10She went and told those who had been with him, as they mourned and wept. 11When they heard that he was alive and had been seen by her, they disbelieved.
12After these things he was revealed in another form to two of them as they walked, on their way into the country. 13They went away and told it to the rest. They didn’t believe them, either.
14Afterward he was revealed to the eleven themselves as they sat at the table; and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they didn’t believe those who had seen him after he had risen. 15He said to them, “Go into all the world and preach the Good News to the whole creation. 16He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who disbelieves will be condemned. 17These signs will accompany those who believe: in my name they will cast out demons; they will speak with new languages; 18they will take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it will in no way hurt them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover.”
19So then the Lord, after he had spoken to them, was received up into heaven and sat down at the right hand of God. 20They went out and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them and confirming the word by the signs that followed. Amen.
The longest passage in the New Testament whose textual pedigree is dubious is Mark 16:9-20. In modern translations of the Bible, these twelve verses are usually placed in brackets or otherwise noted as not being found in the most ancient Greek witnesses (so NET, NIV, NRSV, ESV, NASB, HCSB, TEV, REB). Why is it that modern Bibles mark out this passage as likely to be spurious? (See “New Testament Textual Criticism," (Mark 16:8) for an explanation of how scholars are able to determine what the wording of the original is.)
First, they are not found in the two oldest Greek manuscripts, CodExod Sinaiticus and CodExod Vaticanus, both from the fourth century. When these two manuscripts agree, their combined testimony reflects an earlier ancestor, probably written in the first decades of the second century. This physical evidence is supported by eyewitness testimony. The Church fathers Eusebius (early fourth century) and Jerome (late fourth/early fifth century) both said that almost no Greek manuscripts had these twelve verses. Today, however, they are found in almost all manuscripts. In the least, this shows that textual criticism cannot be done by counting manuscripts. It is the weight of the manuscripts, not their number that is important. Second, the vocabulary, syntax, and style of writing do not match the rest of Mark. This usually indicates that another author inserted the passage.
What is to account for these twelve verses then? If the Gospel ended at verse 8 originally, it ended with a statement that the female disciples were afraid. And although an angel announced Jesus’ resurrection to them (vv 6-7), no resurrection appearance to any of the disciples is recorded. Scribes naturally wanted to add such an appearance, and a number of endings were added to the Gospel. Verses 9-20, which appear in almost all modern Bibles, gained the most traction and quickly became the reading found in the majority of manuscripts.
If Mark intentionally ended his Gospel at v 8, it is an open-ended Gospel (like the book of Jonah). Alternatively, the last leaf of his Gospel may have gotten lost (though this is less likely). In any event, no cardinal doctrine of the Christian faith is at stake whether Mark ends at v 8 or at v 20. -DW