1When the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon concerning Yahweh’s name, she came to test him with hard questions. 2She came to Jerusalem with a very great caravan, with camels that bore spices, very much gold, and precious stones; and when she had come to Solomon, she talked with him about all that was in her heart. 3Solomon answered all her questions. There wasn’t anything hidden from the king which he didn’t tell her. 4When the queen of Sheba had seen all the wisdom of Solomon, the house that he had built, 5the food of his table, the sitting of his servants, the attendance of his officials, their clothing, his cup bearers, and his ascent by which he went up to Yahweh’s house, there was no more spirit in her. 6She said to the king, “It was a true report that I heard in my own land of your acts and of your wisdom. 7However, I didn’t believe the words until I came and my eyes had seen it. Behold, not even half was told me! Your wisdom and prosperity exceed the fame which I heard. 8Happy are your men, happy are these your servants who stand continually before you, who hear your wisdom. 9Blessed is Yahweh your God, who delighted in you, to set you on the throne of Israel. Because Yahweh loved Israel forever, therefore he made you king, to do justice and righteousness.” 10She gave the king one hundred twenty talents of gold, and a very great quantity of spices, and precious stones. Never again was there such an abundance of spices as these which the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon.
11The fleet of Hiram that brought gold from Ophir also brought in from Ophir great quantities of almug trees and precious stones. 12The king made of the almug trees pillars for Yahweh’s house and for the king’s house, harps also and stringed instruments for the singers; no such almug trees came or were seen to this day.
13King Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatever she asked, in addition to that which Solomon gave her of his royal bounty. So she turned and went to her own land, she and her servants.
14Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred sixty-six talents of gold, 15in addition to that which the traders brought, and the traffic of the merchants, and of all the kings of the mixed people, and of the governors of the country. 16King Solomon made two hundred bucklers of beaten gold; six hundred shekels of gold went to one buckler. 17He made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three minas of gold went to one shield; and the king put them in the House of the Forest of Lebanon. 18Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the finest gold. 19There were six steps to the throne, and the top of the throne was round behind; and there were armrests on either side by the place of the seat, and two lions standing beside the armrests. 20Twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other on the six steps. Nothing like it was made in any kingdom. 21All King Solomon’s drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the House of the Forest of Lebanon were of pure gold. None were of silver, because it was considered of little value in the days of Solomon. 22For the king had a fleet of ships of Tarshish at sea with Hiram’s fleet. Once every three years the fleet of Tarshish came bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.
23So King Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth in riches and in wisdom. 24All the earth sought the presence of Solomon to hear his wisdom which God had put in his heart. 25Year after year, every man brought his tribute, vessels of silver, vessels of gold, clothing, armor, spices, horses, and mules.
26Solomon gathered together chariots and horsemen. He had one thousand four hundred chariots and twelve thousand horsemen. He kept them in the chariot cities and with the king at Jerusalem. 27The king made silver as common as stones in Jerusalem, and cedars as common as the sycamore trees that are in the lowland. 28The horses which Solomon had were brought out of Egypt. The king’s merchants received them in droves, each drove at a price. 29A chariot was imported from Egypt for six hundred shekels of silver, and a horse for one hundred fifty shekels; and so they exported them to all the kings of the Hittites and to the kings of Syria.
For many years after the Enlightenment, it was common for skeptics of the history of the Bible cast doubt on many historical persons, events, and groups of people, viewing them as little more than the characters in a book like Lord of the Rings. Was there really an Abraham? Did Sodom actually exist?
One such doubt relates to the existence of the Hittites, mentioned nearly fifty times in the Bible. The Hittites are portrayed as a great people, similar to the Babylonians, with their domain extending over large portions of the land of Asia Minor (modern Turkey) and the Middle East. Scholars who doubt biblical history declared that there was no evidence for the Hittite nation, for if such were true, they would know about it.
In the last few years of the nineteenth century, archaeologists came upon the city of Hattusa in north-central Turkey and found thousands of cuneiform tablets and a civilization that extended over much of Turkey and into the Middle East. Finally, archaeology caught up with the Bible. This kingdom held sway from the middle of the 17th century through the 12th century, with its greatest influence during the 14th century. It finally began to succumb due to the rise of the Assyrian kingdom, though portions of the subsequent sub-kingdoms held influence even in the time of the New Testament.
I have found my time at Hattusa to be one of the most interesting of my various tours in Turkey. It is high in elevation and one ascends to the top of the site, the air is crisp and the view is spectacular. I can understand why the early Hittites wanted to establish Hattusa as their capital city. The city below hosts ruins of temples and houses, and the palace was at the top. Near the city is the site religious site called Yazilikaya, where one founds the famous twelve gods of the Hittites carved into the walls of the shrine.
Through our study of the Hittites we have discovered how even the form of the covenants written by Moses had an impact on the structure and content of his writing of Exodus through Deuteronomy, and also show the integrity of these books in contrast to modern liberal biblical criticism.